OBSAH
ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................................................................................... |
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CIELE PRÁCE .................................................................................................................................................................................... |
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VÝVIN NÁZOROV NA PROCES VIDENIA, ORGÁN ZRAKU A PODSTATU SVETLA ................................................... |
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1. OKO - ORGÁN ZRAKU ............................................................................................................................................................... |
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1.1 |
Ontogenéza a fylogenéza zrakového orgánu .................................................................................................................. |
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1.2 |
Zloženie a činnosť zrakového orgánu .............................................................................................................................. |
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1.2.1 |
Svetlo ..................................................................................................................................................................................... |
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1.2.2 |
Oko ........................................................................................................................................................................................ |
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1.2.3 |
Fotoreceptory sietnice ........................................................................................................................................................ |
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1.2.4 |
Fyziológia zrakového orgánu ............................................................................................................................................ |
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1.3 |
Projekčný systém oka, utváranie vizuálneho obrazu ..................................................................................................... |
30 |
1.3.1 |
Optické zobrazovanie .......................................................................................................................................................... |
31 |
1.4 |
Akomodácia .......................................................................................................................................................................... |
33 |
1.5 |
Poruchy zrakovej ostrosti (refrakčné chyby) .................................................................................................................. |
38 |
1.6 |
Osobitosti očí živočíchov .................................................................................................................................................. |
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2. VIDENIE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.1 |
Fyziológia videnia ............................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.1.1 |
Pohyby očí ........................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.2 |
Centrálne spracovanie zrakového podnetu ..................................................................................................................... |
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2.3 |
Fotochemická podstata videnia ........................................................................................................................................ |
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2.4 |
Adaptácia sietnice ............................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.5 |
Proces videnia ...................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.5.1 |
Centrálne a periférne videnie ............................................................................................................................................. |
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2.5.2 |
Farebné videnie .................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.5.2.1 |
Poruchy farebného videnia ................................................................................................................................................ |
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2.5.3 |
Denné a nočné videnie ........................................................................................................................................................ |
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2.5.4.1 |
Zorné polia ............................................................................................................................................................................ |
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2.5.4.2 |
Binokulárne a stereoskopické videnie .............................................................................................................................. |
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2.5.4.3 |
Vývoj binokulárneho videnia ............................................................................................................................................. |
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2.5.5 |
Videnie pohybu .................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.6 |
Podmienky a zákony zrakového vnímania ......................................................................................................................... |
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2.6.1 |
Zrakové klamy ...................................................................................................................................................................... |
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2.6.1.1 |
Predmet a pozadie pri vnímaní ............................................................................................................................................ |
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2.6.1.2 |
Geometricko-optické (zrakové) klamy ............................................................................................................................... |
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3. JEDNODUCHÉ EXPERIMENTY ................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.1 |
Ako zmeniť smer svetla alebo urobte si periskop .......................................................................................................... |
70 |
3.2 |
Aké veľké má byť zrkadlo, aby ste sa v ňom videli celí? .............................................................................................. |
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3.3 |
Kúzlo so zrkadlom? ............................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.4 |
Odraz svetla na skle a zrkadle ............................................................................................................................................ |
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3.5 |
Minca, ktorá sa objaví ........................................................................................................................................................ |
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3.6 |
Ako dostať z jedného pravítka dve .................................................................................................................................. |
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3.7 |
Skrývačka alebo ako ukryť figúrku ................................................................................................................................... |
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3.8 |
Svetelný pavúk .................................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.9 |
Čierne zrkadlo ....................................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.10 |
Tajomstvo miznúceho obrázku .......................................................................................................................................... |
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3.11 |
Svetlovod ............................................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.12 |
Svetelná fontána .................................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.13 |
Znásobené odrazy ............................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.14 |
Fermatov princíp .................................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.15 |
Zdanlivé tvary a úkazy? ..................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.16 |
Deformujúce zrkadlá ........................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.17 |
Zhotovte si lupu .................................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.18 |
Hra na Galilea ........................................................................................................................................................................ |
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3.19 |
Optická čierna skrinka ......................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.20 |
Urobte si cameru obscuru .................................................................................................................................................. |
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3.21 |
Má biela farba farby? .......................................................................................................................................................... |
102 |
3.22 |
Urobte si dúhu ..................................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.23 |
Farby na vode ...................................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.24 |
Prečo je na čiernom pive biela pena? ................................................................................................................................ |
108 |
3.25 |
Pruhované sklíčko ............................................................................................................................................................... |
109 |
3.26 |
Odkiaľ sa berú dúhové prstence? ..................................................................................................................................... |
111 |
3.27 |
Koľko vlákien má šatka? ..................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.28 |
Dierka lupou .......................................................................................................................................................................... |
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3.29 |
Tajomstvo zmiznutej pohľadnice ....................................................................................................................................... |
116 |
3.30 |
Máte pravé „polaroidky“? .................................................................................................................................................. |
119 |
3.31 |
Prečo je obloha modrá? ....................................................................................................................................................... |
120 |
3.32 |
Tajomstvo televíznej obrazovky ........................................................................................................................................ |
122 |
3.33 |
Akej farby máte tenisky? .................................................................................................................................................... |
125 |
3.34 |
Sila svetla .............................................................................................................................................................................. |
126 |
3.35 |
Možno dostať dva obrázky do jedného? ......................................................................................................................... |
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3.36 |
Načo sú nám dve oči? ......................................................................................................................................................... |
129 |
3.37 |
Existuje slepá škvrna? ......................................................................................................................................................... |
130 |
3.38 |
Zostrojte si jednoduchý stereoskopický obrázok .......................................................................................................... |
131 |
3.39 |
Vyskúšajte sa ....................................................................................................................................................................... |
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4. TROJROZMERNÉ OBRÁZKY (NOVÁ DIMENZIA POČÍTAČOVEJ GRAFIKY) ........................................................... |
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4.1 |
Čo je stereoskopia ? ............................................................................................................................................................ |
135 |
4.2 |
Neverte svojim očiam! ........................................................................................................................................................ |
137 |
4.3 |
Ako sa stereogramy dostali medzi ľudí ........................................................................................................................... |
138 |
4.4 |
Princíp stereogramov ......................................................................................................................................................... |
141 |
4.5 |
Plastický (priestorový) efekt ............................................................................................................................................. |
141 |
4.6 |
Program 3D-Phantasies ...................................................................................................................................................... |
142 |
4.7 |
Ako vidieť stereogramy ..................................................................................................................................................... |
143 |
4.7.1 |
Techniky nazerania ............................................................................................................................................................... |
143 |
4.7.2 |
Pohľad na autostereogram ................................................................................................................................................ |
145 |
4.8 |
Niekoľko slov na záver k stereogramom ......................................................................................................................... |
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5. HISTORICKÝ KALENDÁR TECHNICKÝCH OBJAVOV SÚVISIACICH S OPTIKOU ............................................... |
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ZÁVER ................................................................................................................................................................................................ |
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POUŽITÁ LITERATÚRA ................................................................................................................................................................ |
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POUŽITÝ PROGRAM ..................................................................................................................................................................... |
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