OBSAH

ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................................................................................		3
CIELE PRÁCE ....................................................................................................................................................................................		4
VÝVIN NÁZOROV NA PROCES VIDENIA, ORGÁN ZRAKU A PODSTATU SVETLA ...................................................		6
1. OKO - ORGÁN ZRAKU ...............................................................................................................................................................		21
1.1	Ontogenéza a fylogenéza zrakového orgánu ..................................................................................................................	21
1.2	Zloženie a činnosť zrakového orgánu ..............................................................................................................................	24
1.2.1	Svetlo .....................................................................................................................................................................................	24
1.2.2	Oko ........................................................................................................................................................................................	25
1.2.3	Fotoreceptory sietnice ........................................................................................................................................................	27
1.2.4	Fyziológia zrakového orgánu ............................................................................................................................................	29
1.3	Projekčný systém oka, utváranie vizuálneho obrazu .....................................................................................................	30
1.3.1	Optické zobrazovanie ..........................................................................................................................................................	31
1.4	Akomodácia ..........................................................................................................................................................................	33
1.5	Poruchy zrakovej ostrosti (refrakčné chyby) ..................................................................................................................	38
1.6	Osobitosti očí živočíchov ..................................................................................................................................................	38
2. VIDENIE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................		42
2.1	Fyziológia videnia ...............................................................................................................................................................	42
2.1.1	Pohyby očí ...........................................................................................................................................................................	44
2.2	Centrálne spracovanie zrakového podnetu .....................................................................................................................	46
2.3	Fotochemická podstata videnia ........................................................................................................................................	47
2.4	Adaptácia sietnice ...............................................................................................................................................................	48
2.5	Proces videnia ......................................................................................................................................................................	50
2.5.1	Centrálne a periférne videnie .............................................................................................................................................	50
2.5.2	Farebné videnie ....................................................................................................................................................................	51
2.5.2.1	Poruchy farebného videnia ................................................................................................................................................	53
2.5.3	Denné a nočné videnie ........................................................................................................................................................	54
2.5.4.1	Zorné polia ............................................................................................................................................................................	55
2.5.4.2	Binokulárne a stereoskopické videnie ..............................................................................................................................	56
2.5.4.3	Vývoj binokulárneho videnia .............................................................................................................................................	60
2.5.5	Videnie pohybu ....................................................................................................................................................................	62
2.6	Podmienky a zákony zrakového vnímania .........................................................................................................................	63
2.6.1	Zrakové klamy ......................................................................................................................................................................	65
2.6.1.1	Predmet a pozadie pri vnímaní ............................................................................................................................................	66
2.6.1.2	Geometricko-optické (zrakové) klamy ...............................................................................................................................	67
3. JEDNODUCHÉ EXPERIMENTY .................................................................................................................................................		70
3.1	Ako zmeniť smer svetla alebo urobte si periskop ..........................................................................................................	70
3.2	Aké veľké má byť zrkadlo, aby ste sa v ňom videli celí? ..............................................................................................	72
3.3	Kúzlo so zrkadlom? .............................................................................................................................................................	74
3.4	Odraz svetla na skle a zrkadle ............................................................................................................................................	75
3.5	Minca, ktorá sa objaví ........................................................................................................................................................	76
3.6	Ako dostať z jedného pravítka dve ..................................................................................................................................	78
3.7	Skrývačka alebo ako ukryť figúrku ...................................................................................................................................	79
3.8	Svetelný pavúk ....................................................................................................................................................................	81
3.9	Čierne zrkadlo .......................................................................................................................................................................	82
3.10	Tajomstvo miznúceho obrázku ..........................................................................................................................................	83
3.11	Svetlovod .............................................................................................................................................................................	84
3.12	Svetelná fontána ..................................................................................................................................................................	85
3.13	Znásobené odrazy ...............................................................................................................................................................	86
3.14	Fermatov princíp ..................................................................................................................................................................	87
3.15	Zdanlivé tvary a úkazy? .....................................................................................................................................................	90
3.16	Deformujúce zrkadlá ...........................................................................................................................................................	91
3.17	Zhotovte si lupu ..................................................................................................................................................................	94
3.18	Hra na Galilea ........................................................................................................................................................................	95
3.19	Optická čierna skrinka .........................................................................................................................................................	97
3.20	Urobte si cameru obscuru ..................................................................................................................................................	100
3.21	Má biela farba farby? ..........................................................................................................................................................	102
3.22	Urobte si dúhu .....................................................................................................................................................................	105
3.23	Farby na vode ......................................................................................................................................................................	107
3.24	Prečo je na čiernom pive biela pena? ................................................................................................................................	108
3.25	Pruhované sklíčko ...............................................................................................................................................................	109
3.26	Odkiaľ sa berú dúhové prstence? .....................................................................................................................................	111
3.27	Koľko vlákien má šatka? .....................................................................................................................................................	113
3.28	Dierka lupou ..........................................................................................................................................................................	115
3.29	Tajomstvo zmiznutej pohľadnice .......................................................................................................................................	116
3.30	Máte pravé „polaroidky“? ..................................................................................................................................................	119
3.31	Prečo je obloha modrá? .......................................................................................................................................................	120
3.32	Tajomstvo televíznej obrazovky ........................................................................................................................................	122
3.33	Akej farby máte tenisky? ....................................................................................................................................................	125
3.34	Sila svetla ..............................................................................................................................................................................	126
3.35	Možno dostať dva obrázky do jedného? .........................................................................................................................	128
3.36	Načo sú nám dve oči? .........................................................................................................................................................	129
3.37	Existuje slepá škvrna? .........................................................................................................................................................	130
3.38	Zostrojte si jednoduchý stereoskopický obrázok ..........................................................................................................	131
3.39	Vyskúšajte sa .......................................................................................................................................................................	132
4. TROJROZMERNÉ OBRÁZKY (NOVÁ DIMENZIA POČÍTAČOVEJ GRAFIKY) ...........................................................		135
4.1	Čo je stereoskopia ? ............................................................................................................................................................	135
4.2	Neverte svojim očiam! ........................................................................................................................................................	137
4.3	Ako sa stereogramy dostali medzi ľudí ...........................................................................................................................	138
4.4	Princíp stereogramov .........................................................................................................................................................	141
4.5	Plastický (priestorový) efekt .............................................................................................................................................	141
4.6	Program 3D-Phantasies ......................................................................................................................................................	142
4.7	Ako vidieť stereogramy .....................................................................................................................................................	143
4.7.1	Techniky nazerania ...............................................................................................................................................................	143
4.7.2	Pohľad na autostereogram ................................................................................................................................................	145
4.8	Niekoľko slov na záver k stereogramom .........................................................................................................................	146
5. HISTORICKÝ KALENDÁR TECHNICKÝCH OBJAVOV SÚVISIACICH S OPTIKOU ...............................................		148
ZÁVER ................................................................................................................................................................................................		174
POUŽITÁ LITERATÚRA ................................................................................................................................................................		179
POUŽITÝ PROGRAM .....................................................................................................................................................................		180

Optika okolo nás